Glossary

Vaccine failure

When an organism develops a disease in spite of being vaccinated against it. Primary

vaccine failure occurs when an organism's immune system does not produce enough

antibodies when first vaccinated. Secondary vaccine failure occurs when enough

antibodies are produced immediately after the vaccination, but the levels fall over time.

While antibody levels always fall over time, this would be a more rapid loss of immunity

than expected for that vaccine.

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Vaccine efficacy

The reduction in the incidence of a disease among people who have received a

vaccine compared to the incidence in unvaccinated people.

It is usually measured in a randomised controlled trial(RCT) at the Phase II or Phase III

clinical trial stage, by giving one group of people a vaccine and comparing the

incidence of disease in that group to another group of people who do not receive the

vaccine. For some vaccines (influenza) phase II trials are taken as surrogate to

measure efficacy.

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Vaccine effectiveness

A “real world” view of how a vaccine (which may have already proven to have high

vaccine efficacy) reduces disease in a population. This measure can assess the net

balance of benefits and adverse effects of a vaccination program, not just the vaccine

itself, under more natural field conditions rather than in a controlled clinical trial.

Vaccine effectiveness is proportional to vaccine potency (ie, vaccine efficacy) but is

also affected by how well target groups in the population are immunized (which itself

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Vaccination schedule

A series of vaccinations, including the timing of all doses, which may be either

recommended or compulsory, depending on the country of residence.

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Vaccination

See Immunization.

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Utility/efficiency

The principle of utility requires that one acts so as to maximize aggregate welfare. This

implies an additional principle of efficiency, i.e. the idea that benefits should be

obtained using the fewest resources necessary.

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Uses and gratifications approach

Explains how mass media audiences make choice to use media content for their own

gratifications and their own purposes. (1)

 

(1) Glossary of communication, University of Jyväskylä

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Upward communication

Communication from lower members of the organizational hierarchy (subordinates) to

members higher in the organization (i.e., managers, vice-presidents). (1)

 

(1) Glossary of communication, University of Jyväskylä

 

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Universal declaration of human rights

A declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10. December 1948

at the Palais de Chaillot, Paris. The Declaration arose directly from the experience of

the Second World War and represents the first global expression of rights to which all

human beings are inherently entitled.

The UDHR is an authoritative definition of the human rights obligations of UN member

states. Through time it has become so respected by states that many of its provisions

can now be said to be customary international law.

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United nations commission on human rights

Body of the United Nations established to draft human rights standards and otherwise

address human rights issues.

 

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