Mortality above what would be expected based on the non-crisis mortality rate in the

population of interest. Excess mortality is thus mortality that is attributable to the crisis

conditions, the common use of EM in diseases trend analisys as the seasonal ones. It

can be expressed as a rate (the difference between observed and non-crisis mortality

rates), or as a total number of excess deaths.(1)

(1) Checchi and Roberts, Interpreting and using mortality data in humanitarian

emergencies, ODI/HPN paper 52, 2005.

Listening to judge or analyze information. (1)

(1) Glossary of communication, University of Jyväskylä

(also known as the Fundamental Rights Agency; FRA). One of the EU’s decentralised

agencies, set up to provide expert advice to the institutions of the EU and the Member

States on a range of issues. FRA helps to ensure that the fundamental rights of people

living in the EU are protected.

The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and

recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually

divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics,

and applied ethics. Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from,

and what they mean. Are they merely social inventions? Do they involve more than

expressions of our individual emotions? Metaethical answers to these questions focus